The answers posted so far focus mainly on the source for one individual formula.
Another possibility (if you want to copy a large chunk of text with several formulas) is to click on edit (and, of course, not save the edits you make, just copy the part you need).
If you do not want to click on edit - to make sure that you do not change something by mistake - you can still get to the source through the revision history. You can get to the revision history easily if the post has been edited at least once - just click on the timestamp saying "edited Date". If the post wasn't edited, you can use the button next to the post to display the timeline and then manually change the timeline
to revisions
in the URL.
Viewing source of the webpage also sometimesometimes works (View/Source in Internet Explorer, Ctrl+U in Mozilla Firefox). This way has some flaws - you don't see markup, but html. If TeX-contains & (ampersound) it is changed.
The above is explicitly about getting the MathJax source from a post. (This is what was actually asked in the question.) There were a few comments asking how to view the source in comments. For this, see: Seeing the MathJax mark-up for a comment and How to copy mixture of text and latex formulas in a comment? (Although some of the suggestions given in the answers to this question - namely using MathJax menu and displaying source of the website - work for comments, too.)