I do not understand why, but \mathbb{1234567890}
(rendered code: $\mathbb{1234567890}$) works for me, and gives the following output

If it matters, I'm on a Mac with the latest build of Catalina, viewing the site through Safari. edit it seems that the "math renderer" that you are using is important: my web browser is using "HTML-CSS" as the math renderer. (I checked via right-clicking on some rendered MathJax) When I switch to MathML, \mathbb{1234567890}
also just gives me plain numbers.
Can you see the characters ππππππππ π‘π
? I think you can copy-paste them into MathJax code e.g. $$ π+π+π=π^π_{π ^π‘!}$$
gives
$$ π+π+π=π^π_{π ^π‘!}$$
I would guess this is not "documented behavior", but Unicode characters in general seem to work in Mathjax e.g. $\int_{πΆ>1}\frac{1}{1+πΆ^{100πΆ}} dπΆ>π±$
$\int_{πΆ>1}\frac{1}{1+πΆ^{100πΆ}} dπΆ>π±$. What is documented is the \unicode{}
command which I learned from the comments to my answer here; it seems that (peeking at Wikipedia to find the correct Hex number to use)
$\unicode{x1D7D8}\unicode{x1D7D9}\unicode{x1D7DA}\unicode{x1D7DB}\unicode{x1D7DC}\unicode{x1D7DD}\unicode{x1D7DE}\unicode{x1D7DF}\unicode{x1D7E0}\unicode{x1D7E1}$
should give you something that works too: $\unicode{x1D7D8}\unicode{x1D7D9}\unicode{x1D7DA}\unicode{x1D7DB}\unicode{x1D7DC}\unicode{x1D7DD}\unicode{x1D7DE}\unicode{x1D7DF}\unicode{x1D7E0}\unicode{x1D7E1}$
PS for my first 20 or so $\LaTeX$ documents I used the following poor substitute that should "work" for everyone (output: $1\!\!12\!\!2 3\!\!3 4\!\!4 5\!\!5 6\!\!6 7\!\!7 8\!\!8 9\!\!9 0\!\!0$)
$1\!\!12\!\!2 3\!\!3 4\!\!4 5\!\!5 6\!\!6 7\!\!7 8\!\!8 9\!\!9 0\!\!0$
In particular for '1' I had a further variant $1\hspace{-0.21em}\text l$
$1\hspace{-0.21em}\text l$.
\mathbb{1234567890}
$\mathbb{1234567890}$ give nothing? It works for me, I'll upload a screenshot imgur.com/yYaKLl8 $\endgroup$\mathbb 1
unaware of this issue... I believe the "MathJax tutorial" doesn't mention anything, math.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/5020/… , there seems to be a similar issue for lowercase letters math.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/28930/… , a tiny bit of discussion about unicode characters here math.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6865/… $\endgroup$