The data is contained in the PostLinks table, accessible through Data Explorer. I wrote a simple query Post Links. Since the table has more than $50000$ rows, it cannot be retrieved by SEDE at once. But one can limit the query by MinId, MaxId, download and merge the results. I think two tries will be enough: the query succeeds with MinId=1
and MaxId=500000
, another grab with MinId=500001
and MaxId=1000000
should do the job.
You can also download the data dump, as mixedmath said; though the Data Explorer is more up to date.
SEDE bug
Unfortunately, right now you can't download the results of the above query as CSV file: this is a bug that will be squashed with the next redeploy of SEDE.
Fortunately, the bug affects only the queries with parameters. Using the queries
one can get all the links. In fact, the first one gets almost all the results; only a relatively small piece of the second CSV file needs to be added to it.
Most linked questions
I don't expect the graph of linked questions to have interesting structure: it probably consists of a large number of small components, most of which are two-vertex components. It is of some interest to see which questions are linked most often, but the site already shows that.
The current record is $105$ links, held by How can I evaluate $\sum_{n=0}^\infty (n+1)x^n$.